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房地產項目的效益審計(3)
3)工(gong)(gong)程變(bian)更(geng)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)的審核。工(gong)(gong)程簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)是(shi)施工(gong)(gong)企業(ye)提高(gao)造價、增(zeng)加收(shou)入的主要(yao)手段(duan),要(yao)加強(qiang)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)的監督與審核,除監理、甲方現場(chang)代(dai)表(biao)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)外,要(yao)審核開發(fa)商的成本控(kong)制部門是(shi)否對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程變(bian)更(geng)簽(qian)(qian)證(zheng)進行了核實。
4)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)決(jue)算的審(shen)核。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程決(jue)算一般(ban)由專業(ye)單(dan)位出具工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程審(shen)價報(bao)告,內審(shen)部門可以(yi)審(shen)核工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程項目(mu)是否(fou)(fou)按設(she)計(ji)(ji)圖紙及(ji)合(he)同規定(ding)全(quan)部完(wan)成(cheng)且(qie)驗收(shou)合(he)格、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程量(liang)增減的計(ji)(ji)量(liang)是否(fou)(fou)有手續、是否(fou)(fou)執行(xing)投標(biao)單(dan)價或簽證(zheng)價格等等;對于確(que)定(ding)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期獎、優質(zhi)獎等獎勵性費用(yong)是否(fou)(fou)符合(he)有關規定(ding)。
5)項(xiang)目的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制情況:項(xiang)目建設的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制是效益審計的(de)重點,房地產成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)主要是由開(kai)發(fa)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)、開(kai)發(fa)費用和稅金三大(da)部分組成(cheng)(cheng)。
①工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)審(shen)價報告對(dui)開發(fa)成本進行了確認,開發(fa)成本涵蓋了前期(qi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)費(fei)、建筑安裝工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)費(fei)、基礎設(she)施配(pei)套(tao)(tao)費(fei)、公共配(pei)套(tao)(tao)設(she)施費(fei)、開發(fa)間接費(fei)用等方(fang)面的內(nei)容。
②開發(fa)(fa)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)主要(yao)審(shen)(shen)核(he)其中管(guan)理(li)(li)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)及銷售費(fei)(fei)用(yong),正常的管(guan)理(li)(li)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)通(tong)常占項(xiang)(xiang)目總成(cheng)本的 2%。但有(you)數(shu)據統計,由(you)于(yu)許(xu)多隱(yin)性成(cheng)本都(dou)包括(kuo)在(zai)內,該比例有(you)時高達 8%,并有(you)不斷上(shang)升的趨(qu)勢,因此需(xu)要(yao)加以控制。審(shen)(shen)計人(ren)員(yuan)可與(yu)項(xiang)(xiang)目概(預)算或(huo)審(shen)(shen)計人(ren)員(yuan)掌握(wo)的行業(ye)標準比較,如果(guo)前者超出后者數(shu)額比較大,則需(xu)審(shen)(shen)計人(ren)員(yuan)要(yao)注意加大對管(guan)理(li)(li)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)的審(shen)(shen)計力度,找(zhao)出差(cha)異原因。銷售費(fei)(fei)用(yong)的審(shen)(shen)核(he):包括(kuo)銷售代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)、策劃樓書、銷售廣(guang)告等(deng)費(fei)(fei)用(yong),內審(shen)(shen)人(ren)員(yuan)要(yao)審(shen)(shen)核(he)是否(fou)(fou)采(cai)用(yong)招(zhao)投標來選擇(ze)質優價(jia)廉的銷售、廣(guang)告等(deng)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)機構,費(fei)(fei)用(yong)水平(ping)是否(fou)(fou)控制在(zai)行業(ye)的一般水平(ping)之(zhi)內,以控制在(zai)成(cheng)本的 2%為(wei)佳(jia)。審(shen)(shen)計人(ren)員(yuan)還要(yao)審(shen)(shen)核(he)銷售代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)是否(fou)(fou)真實地發(fa)(fa)生,有(you)無(wu)通(tong)過(guo)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)公司結轉費(fei)(fei)用(yong)之(zhi)嫌。
③稅金的(de)(de)審核(he),審核(he)企業是否(fou)按(an)規定提取(qu)了相應的(de)(de)稅費,目(mu)前(qian)房地(di)(di)產項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)土(tu)地(di)(di)增值稅按(an)銷售額的(de)(de)1%預征(zheng),在項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)清(qing)算時可能(neng)會發生補稅現象,對效益審計分析會產生一定的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。
6、項目(mu)(mu)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)審核:這一階(jie)段(duan)審計(ji)(ji)(ji)人員要從工(gong)程部取得的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)品房(fang)戶數、戶型、面積(ji)等(deng)資(zi)料,按約定的(de)(de)(de)價格計(ji)(ji)(ji)算出應該取得的(de)(de)(de)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)總額,再(zai)與銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)部門(men)提供的(de)(de)(de)商(shang)品房(fang)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)合同,已售(shou)(shou)房(fang)屋收款情況,欠款情況,發票開具情況進行(xing)統計(ji)(ji)(ji),然(ran)后(hou)與財(cai)務賬(zhang)上所列收入進行(xing)比較(jiao),從中發現被審計(ji)(ji)(ji)單位是否(fou)隱匿(ni)或夸大(da)了銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)收入。從實際審計(ji)(ji)(ji)過程中我們(men)發現,房(fang)地產開發企(qi)業(ye)通常把(ba)已具備確認銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)收入的(de)(de)(de)售(shou)(shou)房(fang)款放在(zai)“預(yu)收賬(zhang)款”科(ke)目(mu)(mu)和(he)一些往(wang)來科(ke)目(mu)(mu)里不結轉銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)收入,從而達到調節利潤和(he)延(yan)遲納稅(shui)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de),審計(ji)(ji)(ji)人員對預(yu)收賬(zhang)款和(he)往(wang)來款項變動較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)會計(ji)(ji)(ji)科(ke)目(mu)(mu)要注(zhu)意分(fen)析。
總之,在資料審核與分析階段,內審人員可以參照預(概)算對項目進行分析,也可以參照建設行業的建造標準來分析項目成本的控制情況。