10月25日國務(wu)(wu)院常務(wu)(wu)會議決定(ding)，對(dui)中國公(gong)司的注冊資本(ben)登記(ji)制度(du)進行(xing)重(zhong)大變革(ge)，以降低創業(ye)成本(ben)，激發(fa)社會投資活力(li)。

　　這是繼(ji)2005年(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)修改(gai)(gai)之后(hou)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)制(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)又一次(ci)具有(you)(you)歷史意義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重大變革。根據國(guo)(guo)務院的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部署，未來公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本登(deng)(deng)記(ji)制(zhi)度(du)改(gai)(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)調是進一步放(fang)松政府管制(zhi)，更(geng)大程度(du)地(di)降低(di)(di)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)準入門檻，鼓勵社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創業激(ji)情。內容(rong)主(zhu)要有(you)(you)兩點：一是放(fang)寬注(zhu)冊(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本登(deng)(deng)記(ji)條件。除法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)另有(you)(you)規(gui)定外(wai)，取消有(you)(you)限責任(ren)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)最(zui)低(di)(di)注(zhu)冊(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本3萬元(yuan)、一人(ren)(ren)有(you)(you)限責任(ren)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)最(zui)低(di)(di)注(zhu)冊(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本10萬元(yuan)、股(gu)份有(you)(you)限公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)最(zui)低(di)(di)注(zhu)冊(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本500萬元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)；不再限制(zhi)公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)設(she)立時(shi)股(gu)東(dong)(發(fa)起人(ren)(ren))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首次(ci)出(chu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)比(bi)例(li)和(he)繳足出(chu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)期限。公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)實(shi)收資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本不再作(zuo)為(wei)工商登(deng)(deng)記(ji)事(shi)項。同(tong)時(shi)，推進注(zhu)冊(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)本由實(shi)繳登(deng)(deng)記(ji)制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)為(wei)認繳登(deng)(deng)記(ji)制(zhi)，降低(di)(di)開辦公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)成(cheng)本。在抓緊完善(shan)相(xiang)關法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎上，實(shi)行由公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)股(gu)東(dong)(發(fa)起人(ren)(ren))自(zi)主(zhu)約(yue)定認繳出(chu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)額、出(chu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)方(fang)式、出(chu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)期限等，并對繳納出(chu)資(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)情況(kuang)真實(shi)性(xing)、合法(fa)(fa)(fa)性(xing)負責的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度(du)。二是將(jiang)企業年(nian)檢制(zhi)度(du)改(gai)(gai)為(wei)年(nian)度(du)報告(gao)制(zhi)度(du)，任(ren)何單位和(he)個人(ren)(ren)均可(ke)查詢，使企業相(xiang)關信息透明化(hua)。

　　經過以(yi)上(shang)(shang)兩大(da)(da)(da)變革，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)在(zai)“出生”制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)方面(mian)發生了革命性變化(hua)，而這(zhe)種變化(hua)帶(dai)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律氣質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)涅槃。以(yi)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)登(deng)記制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)(wei)例，1993年(nian)出臺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)第(di)一(yi)部公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)完全實行“法(fa)(fa)(fa)定(ding)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)制(zhi)(zhi)”，并(bing)堅持(chi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)確(que)定(ding)、維持(chi)和不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)變三原則。在(zai)這(zhe)種資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)下(xia)，一(yi)個公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)要(yao)成(cheng)立，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)僅要(yao)求注冊(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)次到位，而且(qie)還要(yao)確(que)保公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)資(zi)(zi)(zi)產與注冊(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)致，這(zhe)種僵化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)僅使得(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)設(she)立門檻太高，漠視民間投資(zi)(zi)(zi)熱(re)(re)情，導致中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)創(chuang)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)環境極為(wei)(wei)(wei)嚴苛，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)在(zai)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)與現(xian)實生活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掣肘與不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足已為(wei)(wei)(wei)世人所共知，并(bing)因導致中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際上(shang)(shang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)具有吸引(yin)力和競(jing)爭力而飽受詬病(bing)。2005年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)改革，以(yi)打破政府(fu)管(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)、實現(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)和股(gu)東自(zi)治(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)理念，在(zai)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)方面(mian)做了重大(da)(da)(da)創(chuang)新，得(de)(de)到各界贊賞，在(zai)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)變遷(qian)史上(shang)(shang)寫下(xia)濃墨重彩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)筆。合理界定(ding)政府(fu)管(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)和企業(ye)自(zi)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)力邊界，大(da)(da)(da)幅減少了行政權(quan)(quan)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)意(yi)志對公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)生活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)必要(yao)干預(yu)，張揚公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)自(zi)主權(quan)(quan)，弘揚公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)契約精神(shen)，擴張公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思自(zi)治(zhi)空間。在(zai)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律上(shang)(shang)廢除(chu)了法(fa)(fa)(fa)定(ding)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)制(zhi)(zhi)，實行折中授(shou)權(quan)(quan)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)制(zhi)(zhi)，公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)股(gu)東不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)要(yao)求一(yi)次性繳納資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)，同時(shi)大(da)(da)(da)幅度(du)(du)(du)降(jiang)低(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)注冊(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最低(di)(di)限(xian)(xian)(xian)額，將(jiang)有限(xian)(xian)(xian)責(ze)任公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)和股(gu)份有限(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)注冊(ce)(ce)資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)最低(di)(di)限(xian)(xian)(xian)額分別降(jiang)低(di)(di)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人民幣3萬元(yuan)和人民幣500萬元(yuan)，使得(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)設(she)立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)門檻大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)降(jiang)低(di)(di)，鼓勵了社會資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投資(zi)(zi)(zi)熱(re)(re)情。

　　然而，從現在來看，盡管當時的公司法改革應該算成功，但仍然保留了很多政府管制和抑制公司股東自治的條款，對于沒有公司法傳統的中國而言，在安全和效率的價值選擇上，立法一般都會傾向于以安全犧牲效率。2005年修改后的公司資本登記制度盡管相對于以前有重大進步，但門檻仍然過高，不能適應當前中國經濟的變化和創業環境，特別是不能適應小微企業及創新型企業的成長要求。無論是3萬元的有限責任公司，還是10萬元的一人公司，設定資本限額不僅沒有任何安全方面的價值和意義，更重要的是，在各國都為小微及創新企業的發展創造最好的制度環境的情況下，過高的門檻事實上成為了創業的障礙。根據一個統計數據，中國每千人擁有的企業數為12個左右，而日本、韓國超過50個，大多數新興市場為30個左右，除了大的商業環境之外，公司法設立過高的門檻恐怕是中國千人企業數遠遠低于日韓等經濟體的主要原因。正如國務院常務會議所說，降低公司資本的門檻，“不僅順應廣大市場主體的熱切期盼，有利于擴大社會投資，鞏固經濟穩中向好的發展態勢，而且符合新技術、新產業、新業態等新興生產力發展的要求，有利于建設服務型政府，減少對市場的微觀干預。”這是真正的制度紅利，在取消最低門檻之后，令一些小企業頭疼的虛假出資、抽逃出資等罪名從此將走進歷史。